Romania and the Eastern Question

[Excerpted from Romania: A Country Study, Ronald D. Bachman, ed. (Washington, D. C.: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 1989)] http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/593Rom.html

WALACHIA AND MOLDAVIA UNDER THE RUSSIAN PROTECTORATE, 1711- 1859 The Phanariot Princes

At the turn of the eighteenth century, Peter the Great's Russia supplanted Poland as the predominant power in Eastern Europe and began exerting its influence over Walachia and Moldavia. The Orthodox tsar announced a policy of support for his coreligionists within the Ottoman Empire, and Romanian princes in Walachia and Moldavia began looking to Russia to break the Turkish yoke. Peter's ill-fated attempt to seize Moldavia in 1711 had the support of both Romanian princes. After the Turks expelled the Russian forces, the sultan moved to strengthen his hold on the principalities by appointing Greeks from Constantinople's Phanar, or "Lighthouse," district as princes. These "Phanariot" princes, who purchased their positions and usually held them briefly until a higher bidder usurped them, were entirely dependent upon their Ottoman overlords. Within the principalities, however, their rule was absolute and the Porte expected them to leech out as much wealth from their territories as possible in the least time.

Exploitation, corruption, and the Porte's policy of rapidly replacing Phanariot princes wreaked havoc on the principalities' social and economic conditions. The boyars became sycophants; severe exactions and heavy labor obligations forced the peasantry to the brink of starvation; and foreigners monopolized trade. The only benevolent Phanariot prince was Constantine Mavrocordato, who ruled as prince of Walachia six times and of Moldavia four times between 1739 and 1768. Mavrocordato attempted drastic reforms to staunch peasant emigration. He abolished several taxes on the boyars and clergy, freed certain classesof serfs, andprovided the peasants sufficient land, pasturage, and wood for fuel. Mavrocordato also published books, founded schools, and required priests to be literate. These reforms, however, proved ephemeral; discomfited boyars' undermined Mavrocordato's support at the Porte, and he was locked away in a Constantinople prison.

The Russian Protectorate

Russia's influence waxed in Walachia and Moldavia as Ottoman power waned. In 1739 and 1769 the Russians briefly occupied the principalities. Then in 1774, Catherine the Great agreed to return Moldavia, Walachia, and Bessarabia to the Turks, but she obtained the right to represent Orthodox Christians within the Ottoman Empire and oversee the principalities' internal affairs; Austria complained that the agreement rewarded Russia too favorably and annexed northern Bukovina, part of Moldavia. In 1787 the Russian army again marched into the principalities, but a stalemate gripped forces on all fronts and in 1792 the empress and sultan agreed to reaffirm existing treaties. In 1802 the Porte agreed to halt the rapid turnover of Phanariot princes; henceforth, the princes would reign for seven-year terms and could not be dethroned without Russian approval.

In 1806 forces of Tsar Alexander I reoccupied the principalities, and the Romanian peasants were subjected to forced requisitions, heavy labor obligations, and real threats of exile to Siberia. As a result, the Romanians, who once had looked to the tsar for liberation, developed an abiding mistrust of the Russians that would deepen in the next century. In 1812 Russia and the Porte signed the Peace of Bucharest, which returned the principalities to the Ottomans and secured Russia's southern flank during Napoleon's invasion; Russia, however, annexed Bessarabia and retained its right to interfere in the principalities' affairs. Despite Russia's concessions, the treaty so displeased the sultan that he had his negotiators beheaded.

In 1821 Greek nationalists headquartered in Odessa took control of Moldavia as the first step in a plan to extricate Greece from Ottoman domination. Phanariot rule in Walachia and Moldavia led the Greek nationalists to view the principalities as possible components of a renascent Byzantine Empire. The insurgency's leader, Alexander Ypsilanti, a general in the Russian army and son of a Phanariot prince, enjoyed the support of some Greek and Romanian boyars in the principalities; after more than a century of extortion, however, most Romanians resented the Phanariots and craved the end of Greek control. Tudor Vladimirescu, a peasant-born Romanian whose wits and military skill had elevated him to boyar rank, assumed power in Walachia in an anti-Phanariot national uprising directed at establishing a Romanian government under Ottoman suzerainty. Russia denounced both Ypsilanti and Vladimirescu. The two rebel leaders argued in Bucharest; afterwards, Greek officers shot the Romanian, mutilated his body, and dumped it into a pond, an act that also ended Romanian resistance, which evaporated after Vladimirescu's death. Then the Turks, with Russia's approval, attacked the principalities, scattered the Greek forces, and chased Ypsilanti into Transylvania. The Greek rebellion shocked the Porte, which no longer appointed Phanariot princes to the Walachian and Moldavian thrones and chose instead native Romanians.

The Illuminati

The Modern History Project

http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=WorldCh08

The trail of the conspirators has been evident throughout the history of Europe since the Middle Ages. In 1547, the Republic of Venice had learned of an anti-Christian conspiracy, and strangled its leaders, Julian Trevisano and Francis de Rugo. The surviving conspirators, Ochinus, Laelius Socinus, Peruta, Gentilis, Jacques Chiari, Francis Lenoir, Darius Socinus, Alicas, and the Abbe Leonard, now spread their poisonous doctrines of hatred throughout Europe. Their message of anarchy, atheism and immorality, levelling and revolution brought bloodshed in every subsequent upheaval on the Continent.

In Germany, Adam Weishaupt, Prof. of Canon Law at the University of Munich, and later at Coburg-Gotha, became the nominal head of the Illuminati. Its corresponding branch in Italy was the Alta Vendita, whose first leader was an Italian Nobleman, B. Nubius. His principal agent was Piccolo Tigre, a Jewish banker and jeweler who traveled for the Alta Vendita throughout Europe. In 1822, his instructions to the chapters were confiscated and published, from which we excerpt:

"We do not cease to recommend to you, to affiliate persons of every class and every manner of association, no matter what kind, only provided that mystery and secrecy shall be the dominant characteristic. Under a pretext most futile, but never political or religious, created by yourselves, or better yet, cause to be created by others, associations, having in common music, the fine arts for object. Then infiltrate the poison into those chosen arts; infiltrate it in little doses.

A prince who has not a kingdom to expect, is a good fortune for us. There are many of them in that plight. These poor princes will serve our ends, while thinking to labour only for their own. They form a magnificent signboard, and there are always fools enough to be found who are ready to compromise themselves in the service of a conspiracy, of which some prince or other seems to be the ringleader.

There is little morality even among the most moral of the world, and one goes fast in the way of that progress. A good hatred, thoroughly cold, thoroughly calculated, is of more worth than all these artificial fires and all these declarations on the platform. Presently, we shall have a printing establishment at Malta placed at our disposal. We shall then be able with impunity, with a sure stroke, and under the British flag, to scatter from one end of Italy to the other, books, pamphlets, etc. which the Alta Vendita shall judge proper to put into circulation."

Karl Rothschild, son of Mayer Amschel, then became head of theAlta Vendita. (source for this? --ed)

On May 1, 1776, Adam Weishaupt issued further instructions to the Illuminati in Bavaria:

"We labour first of all to draw into our Association all good and learned writers. This we imagine will be the easier obtained, as they must derive an evident advantage from it. Next to such men we seek to gain the masters and secretaries of the Post-Offices in order to facilitate our correspondence."

The Tasso family of Bologna, later Thurn und Taxis, gained control of post offices and intelligence work in Europe and held that power for five centuries. Although these groups surfaced as charitable or fine arts organizations, their goals of anarchy were concealed in all their efforts. (see note E2)

Internationalism

In the twentieth century, they culminated in the League of Nations, the United Nations, the Communist Party, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Foundations, and a host of lesser groups. Count Coudenhove-Kalergi's Pan Europe Movement, with its powerful backing by aristocrats and international financiers, was represented in the U.S. by its American branch, founded by Herbert Hoover and Col. House, who were also stumping the U.S. for ratification of the League of Nations.

Coundenhove Kalergi mentioned in his autobiography that he had been financed by the Rothschilds and Warburgs, and in the U.S., by Paul Warburg and Bernard Baruch. He was connected with the Thurn und Taxis family. His grandfather, Count Francis Coudenhove-Kalergi, Austrian Ambassador in Paris, had married Marie Kalergi in 1850. She was one ofthe wealthiest heiresses in Europe, descended from the Byzantine Emperor Nikophor Phikas; in 1300, when Venice was the dominant power in the Mediterranean, Alexios Kalergis had signed the treaty which made Crete a dominion of Venice. A recent premier of Greece, Emmanuel Tsouderos, was a Kalergi.

The British East India Company

The Modern History Project

http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=WorldCh08

It has taken centuries of patient effort for the World Order to attain the power it exercises today. Its origins as an international force go back to the Phoenician slave-traders, continues through the Phnariot families of the Byzantine Empire, then the Venetian and Genoese traders and bankers of the Middle Ages, who moved into Spain and Portugal, and later into England and Scotland. By the 14th century, the Genose controlled the Scottish landlords.

The Imperial Family of the Byzantine Empire, the Paleologues (meaning 'the Word') were attacked by the Gnostic faction, whose materialistic Aristotelian philosophy was the forerunner of Hegelian dialectic and Marxism. The Paleologues devoutly believed in the Christian faith, as expressed by the Orthodox Rite. The materialistic Venetian and Genoese armies, with the aid of the Turkish "infidels", looted and conquered Constantinople, the legendary "City of God". The Byzantine survivors recreated their culture in Russia, with Moscow as "the third Rome". The plan to destroy the Orthodox Church and its Romanov (new Rome) leader was the hidden goal of the First World War. The victors came away with one billion dollars of the Romanov fortune, after achieving the defeat of their hated enemy, the Orthodox Church.

During the Middle Ages, European power centers coalesced into two camps: the Ghibellines, those who supported the Emperor's Hohenstaufen family, (an Italian adaptation of Weinblingen, the name of the Hohenstaufen estate); and the Guelphs, from Welf, the German prince who competed with Frederick for control of the Holy Roman Empire. The Pope then allied himself with the Guelphs against the Ghibellines resulting in their victory. All of modern history stems directly from the struggle between these two powers.

The Guelphs, also called the Neri, or Black Guelphs, and Black Nobility, were the Normans who conquered England in the 11th century; the Genoese who backed Robert Bruce in his conquest of Scotland, and who supported William of Orange in his seizure of the throne of England. William's victory resulted in the formation of the Bank of England and the East India Company, which have ruled the world since the 17th century. Every subsequent coup d'etat, revolution and war has centered in the battle of the Guelphs to hold and enhance their power, which is now the World Order.

The power of the Guelphs grew through their control of banking and international trade. It was extended through the Italian centers to the north of Florence, in Lombardy, which became great financial centers. All Italian bankers, including the Genoese, the Venetians, and Milanese, were referred to as "Lombards" -- Lombard, in German, means "deposit bank" -- theLombards were bankers to the entire Medieval world. Modern history begins with the transfer of their operations north to Hamburg, Amsterdam, and finally to London.

The great American fortunes originated with the Guelph slave trade to the colonies. Many of the slave traders doubled in piracy. Trinity Church, whose leading vestryman later was J.P. Morgan, was originally known as "the church of the pirates". Capt. William Kidd provided the material to build it in 1697, and a pew was reserved for him. He was arrested the next year, and hanged in chains at Newgate. In 1711, a slave market was set up on Wall Street near the church, and functioned there for many years.

Two of the most powerful influences in the world today are the international drug trade, which began with the East India Co., and international espionage, which began with the Bank of England. The East India Co. was granted a charter in 1600 in the closing days of Queen Elizabeth's reign. In 1622, under James I, it became a joint stock company. In 1661, in an attempt to retain his throne, Charles II granted the East India Co. the power to make war. From 1700 to 1830, the East India Co. gained control of all India, and wrested the historic mononoly of opium from the Great Moguls.

The Crown periodically tried to maintain control of the monster it had unleashed. State Papers (Domestic) Interregnum, xvi, No. 97 (1649-51) states:

"Whereas severall warrants have bine obtained by the East India Company, for the transporting of severall great quantities of Gold and Silver the Ilk som tymes is granted to severall merchants and others upon ther petion and suggestions, and weras under cider of thes warrants to divers other great soms of money, both English Gold and Silver is transported out of the nation, wch might be prevented yf the stat would apoynt a swroen controlled one skilled in this affaire, to tak a vew and serch of all badge and cases of tresur, that are transported out of the nation, and to see to the packing and making up of said tresur, and that ther be sent no more, then, what the stat gives licence for, both for quantytie and quality, and registered, and returned yearly to the council of stat, and that the sd controller for his view and search and sealing and marking it up shall demand and have tow shillings appon every hundred pounds sterling by tayl, or the valew of every hundred pounds sterling, if that the Gold or Silver should be in bares or ingots, for all Gold and Silver that shall be exported by licence, either the East India Company or any other person whomsoever, and that it shall not be lawful for any man to transport Gold or Silver befor it be vewed and examined by Tho. Violet or his sufficient debity, and registered."

Government supervision [and] control of international movements of gold and silver has been a national problem since Cicero inveighed against it in the Roman Forum. Sir Walter Raleigh pointed out, in his "Select Observations of the Incomparable Sir Walter Raleigh," MDCXCVI p.6,

"1. That Nation Can only be in a prosperous Estate that hath a proportionable quantity of Silver or Gold to ballance the Strength and trade of its neighboring Nations.

2. That whilst the Current Cash of this Kingdom can be converted into Bullion, and so made a trading Commodity (as hath been practis'd this hundred Years) 'twill either be conveyed to be best Market, or wrought in Plate at home, notwithstanding the utmost rigour and vigiliancy, to the great and daily Consumption of the Coin, and Detriment of the Nation. That raising the value of our Coin, is the only certain means to keep it in the Nation to make us a rich and thriving State, to recover our lost Trade, and the best Bulwark and Defence against all the Attacks of our Enemies. That contrary to the Policy of Nations, our standard Coin is of greater value in all places than at home (Spain only excepted) for which reason we bring Spanish Mony hither, and for the same Reason our Mony is transported to other places, to the great Impoverishment of the Nation."

Sir Walter Raleigh, a patriot, saw that the machinations of the international money dealers were bringing ruin to many Englishmen, and tried to stop it. They in turn conspired against him, and had him beheaded. The Order invariably enlists "the law" against its enemies.

The East India Co. originated as the London Staplers, was later known as the London Mercers Co., merchant guilds which held monopolies over certain avenues of commerce. It was a direct offshoot of the commercial banking establishments of northern Italy, Venice and Genoa. Related firms were the German Hansa, and the Hanse of the Low Countries, which was headquartered in Bruges. It was also allied with the Levant Co. and the Anglo-Muscovy Co.

Sebastian Cabot, whose descendants are prominent in American banking and intelligence, raised the seed money for Anglo-Muscovy in Italy and London. The company operated northern overland trade routes from the Baltic to India and China. Other related firms were the London Company, chartered in 1606 to establish The Virginian Plantation on a communistic basis, and the Plymouth Company, whose descendants control the New England business world.

The "City" banks, which dominate American finance and politics (code name for banks for the " City", financial district of London), descend directly from East India and Bank of England operations. The Rockefeller Empire is the most prominent scion of this dynasty.

Cults and Communists

To aid their control of finance and politics, the Guelphs perpetuated a host of cults deriving from the Manicheans, which in turn derived from the cults of Babylonia and Ira, from the Atys cultus of the Caucasian area, and from Hindu pantheism. Their offshoots include the Bogmils of the Balkans, the Paulicans of Asia Minor, the Anabaptists, Communists and Antinomians, centering in the Catharists, the Albigensians of southern France, the Patarenes of northern Italy, and the English Savoyards. These gnostic faiths developed into the Rosicrucians, Swedenborgians, Unitarians, the Fabian Society, and the World Council of Churches.

The English Savoyards became active in the London Staplers and the rise of oceanic commerce, by using the Venetian-Flanders galley (ship), which brought the lateen sail into Europe from, southeast Asia. The Savoyards formed an extreme leftwing party, led by John Ball, which called for the nationalisation of all land. The Wycliffe-Lollards-Savoyards-Staplers formed the King's Party against the landed nobility (republicanism) and parliament. Then as now, the leftwing sought ownership of all landthrough an absolute ruler and a totalitarian centralized government.

This leftwing alliance culminated in the University of London. The University of London, which received a $2 million grant in 1924 from Beardsley Ruml as head of the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Fund and many other grants from American foundations, houses Gresham College and the London School of Economics, where Harold Laski taught John F. Kennedy and David Rockefeller the principles of the World Order.

The University of London was originally financed by Jeremy Bentham of the East India Co., and John Stuart Mill, whose friend, investment banker George Grote, gave the University of London 6000 pounds to study mental health, the origin of the present worldwide "mental health" movement. Grote also contributed 500 pounds to finance the July Revolution in France in 1830, which put Louis Philippe on the throne.

It was Bentham who first coined the slogan later taken up by Karl Marx, "the greatest good for the greatest number", which has been so useful in inflaming the masses -- the Marxist flim flam that you can best serve your interests by serving others. Bentham's businesspartner was manufacturer Robert Owen, and atheist who taught free love. Like most do-gooders, Owen's cotton mills in Asia, associated with the East India Co., caused bankruptcies and great misery in India.

The families that control Switzerland go back to Venice. Some of the Phnariot families of the Byzantine have had enduring powerful lineages. The Venetian and Genoese banker/international commerce families have produced some enduring powerful lineages. Families from these groups have tended toward Satanism (Gnosticism) or cults that are not Christian. In this category, we can mention Darius Socinus of Venice. Note also that the Warburgs, who work so closely with the Rothschilds, are descendents of Abraham del Banco, an old banker in Venice. The Warburgs in turn are related to the Rosenbergs of Kiev, Russia. Some of your old aristocratic Russian occult bloodlines were the first to financially help Hitler’s fledgling Nazi Party.

The Illuminati Agenda

By Myron C. Fagan

http://educate-yourself.org/nwo/illuminatiagendabestoverviewyet8jun02.shtml

The Illuminati and the Council on Foreign Relations

Now then, this satanic plot was launched back in the 1760's when it first came into existence under the name "Illuminati." This Illuminati was organized by one Adam Weishaupt, born a Jew, who was converted to Catholicism and became a Catholic priest, and then, at the behest of the then newly organized House of Rothschild, defected and organized the Illuminati.

http://educate-yourself.org/nwo/illuminatiagenda2bestoverviewyet8jun02.shtml

http://educate-yourself.org/nwo/illuminatiagenda3bestoverviewyet8jun02.shtml

http://educate-yourself.org/nwo/illuminatiagenda4bestoverviewyet8jun02.shtml